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It’s exciting to see that research is a central theme of this year’s AIDS 2012 conference in Washington, DC. The biennial gathering of the world’s top HIV and AIDS scientists, advocates, and policymakers comes on the heels of some of the most significant research results for new HIV prevention and treatment tools in recent years, and the Breakthroughs blog will be at the conference from July 22 to 27, reporting on these research and development (R&D) advances. In a press release made public this week from the AIDS 2012 organizers, R&D efforts stand out as a critical component of efforts to turn the tide against the pandemic. The release recognizes that in the last few years, several trials—including HPTN 052, TDF2, Partners PrEP, and iPrEx—have demonstrated with “solid evidence the efficacy of HIV treatment as prevention, while other studies are currently investigating the possibility of a cure for HIV.” The official conference program, now available online, indicates that even more R&D advances in HIV and AIDS treatment and prevention could be announced at the conference. “Thanks to these scientific advances, for the first time we have a real opportunity to make a major dent in the epidemic,” said Elly Katabira, AIDS 2012 international chair and president of the International AIDS Society. The conference has also secured an impressive list of keynote speakers, including former US President Bill Clinton, US Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, Sir Elton John, South African Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi, and philanthropist Bill Gates. Thanks to scientific advances, for the first time the world has a real opportunity to make a major dent in the HIV and AIDS pandemic. Photo credit: PATH/Evelyn Hockstein. Make sure to follow us on Breakthroughs for the latest R&D announcements from the conference, as well as significant policy news and implications for HIV prevention and treatment tools. We’ll also bring you the latest updates from GHTC members supporting these new HIV and AIDS technologies, including AVAC, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, the International Partnership for Microbicides, and the Population Council. “AIDS 2012 represents a unique occasion to mobilize policymakers, governments, NGOs, scientists, people living with HIV, and civil society to join forces,” said Diane Havlir, AIDS 2012 co-chair and professor of medicine at the University of California. “Despite the global turbulent economic climate we cannot miss this historic moment, and it is vital to continue to attract funding to invest in AIDS research and promote programs based on effectiveness and efficiency in order to optimize the use of resources.” We at the GHTC couldn’t agree more, and look forward to sharing what promises to be monumental R&D and policy news from AIDS 2012.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and US Agency for International Development Administrator Rajiv Shah were joined by more than 700 leaders from the private sector, government, and civil society for a major conference devoted to preventing childhood deaths worldwide. "Amid these financial threats and budgetary realities, it is inevitable that some will question the role of the United States in global development," Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN) said at the conference. "But I would assert this morning that development assistance, when properly administered, remains a bargain for US national security and for our own economic and moral standing in the world." Five new pharmaceutical companies have joined a National Institutes of Health (NIH) program that will pair researchers with certain pharmaceutical industry compounds to help scientists explore new treatment options for patients. The program, called Discovering New Therapeutic Uses for Existing Molecules, is run by the NIH's National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has decided to delay its final decision on whether the drug Truvada, made by Gilead Sciences, can be used by certain high-risk, HIV-negative people as a preventive measure against HIV. The FDA says its decision will be announced by September 14, 2012. A Baltimore Sun letter-to-the-editor argues that there are more people living with tuberculosis (TB) “now than at any time in history.” The letter adds that prevention with “new vaccines is the only way to truly make TB a thing of history.”

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. The Associated Press reports that “[o]ne in 10 cases of tuberculosis in China cannot be treated by the most commonly-used drugs,” due to drug-resistant strands of the epidemic. Because of this, there is an even greater need for newer or improved health technologies. Researchers at the fifth annual World Science Festival discuss the need for universal vaccines as “new diseases…continue to emerge.” Pharmaceutical company Sanofi could potentially find out in the fall of this year whether or not they can move forward in developing the most advanced vaccine to prevent dengue. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced a new public-private partnership initiative between the US and Norway to improve maternal health, including a partnership with drug maker Merck & Co.

Recently, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) panel recommended that the HIV and AIDS drug Truvada be approved for HIV prevention among certain groups at risk of infection. Known as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), this prevention method involves HIV-negative individuals taking antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV infection. This recommendation from the FDA panel does not oblige the agency to follow suit; however, it often does. The Truvada hearing is illustrative of the important role that the FDA plays in the research, review, regulation, and licensure of global health technologies—both those that are brand new, as well as reviewing new uses for current tools. Indeed, the FDA has a vast amount of expertise that it can leverage to help address regulatory issues in the developing world, where countries often lack the expertise or resources to appropriately review new health tools. In addition to the regulation and review of health products, the FDA also plays a small but important role in research and development (R&D) for global health. Starting in 2010, the FDA engaged in R&D funding for new drugs to combat tuberculosis (TB) though its work with the Critical Path Institute. The Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens brings together leading pharmaceutical companies and other drug developers, global regulatory agencies, and nongovernmental organizations—like GHTC member the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development—to facilitate the development and availability of new TB treatments. In addition to the regulation and review of health products, the FDA also plays a small but important role in research and development (R&D) for global health. Photo credit: PATH/Evelyn Hockstein FDA clearly recognizes the importance of its position in the global regulatory world, as evidenced by its recent Pathway to Global Product Safety and Quality report. It’s equally important that Congress recognize the FDA’s increasing role in global health, and that it works with the agency to provide the funding needed to sustain and expand these activities. This week, the House Agriculture, FDA, and Related Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee will debate its version of fiscal year (FY) 2013 appropriations legislation. And recently both the House and the Senate approved very similar versions of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASI), including reauthorizations of the Prescription Drug User Fee and Medical Device User Fee programs – which provide a large chunk of FDA’s operating expenses, and must be reauthorized by September 30th. Included in FDASI is the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) Act, a provision which would extend data exclusivity for new antibiotics to combat drug resistant bacteria—including multi-drug resistant TB—by five years. While incentives that engage the private sector in product development are urgently needed, data exclusivity alone may not solve the gap in antibiotics R&D, and should be combined with several other incentive mechanisms in order to truly leverage the knowledge and resources of the industry. The legislation does request a study be conducted outlining the use and effectiveness of such incentives, a positive step in the right direction. The next few months are a critical time for all of FDA’s programs—and also an excellent opportunity for Congress to make smart reforms that enhance the best of what FDA does, including its work to support global health research and development. Ashley Bennett is the GHTC’s senior policy associate.