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The Global Health Technologies Coalition (GHTC) welcomes the historic consensus on the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement—a first-of-its-kind instrument that, if implemented, could help reshape the global innovation ecosystem for pandemic preparedness and ensure greater equity in the development of and access to new pandemic tools. While the agreement reflects compromise and not all ambitions were met, it represents important progress and lays the groundwork for action toward global readiness and equity in future health emergencies. “There is a clear and welcome throughline in this agreement that the fruits of research and development, particularly that which is publicly funded, should and must benefit all the world’s citizens, including those in low- and middle-income countries who are far too often left behind,” said Dr. Kristie Mikus, Executive Director of GHTC. “Today, the world is sending a forceful message that we cannot and will not repeat the devastating inequities seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.”Notably, this agreement commits countries to develop policies attaching public interest conditions to public research and development (R&D) funding—an unprecedented move with the potential to transform how treatments, tests, and vaccines are developed and delivered during health crises. It also establishes a new global coordination mechanism on supply chain and logistics, requires national policies that promote post-clinical trial access to products for trial populations and at-risk groups, and outlines principles for a new Pathogen Access and Benefits Sharing (PABS) system, which would grant 20 percent of medical countermeasures produced by participating manufacturers to WHO, enabling more equitable access and distribution worldwide.It is also the first global health agreement grounded in One Health that explicitly acknowledges the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. These are historic achievements and steps in the right direction to ensure the world is better prepared to respond to future threats.“Today’s adoption is a big win for the world and for multilateralism, but the test now lies in whether countries can seal the deal with PABS and translate these promises into ratification and effective policies at the national level to drive sustained impact,” said Philip Kenol, Senior Multilateral Policy and Advocacy Officer at GHTC.GHTC calls on member states to work diligently to ensure forthcoming negotiations to finalize the PABS system bring all relevant stakeholders to the table and achieve an agreement that drives innovation and delivers equitable access for all who need it, especially underserved populations. Countries must maintain the momentum to ensure that universal ratification of these important obligations and principles catalyzes a stronger and more effective pandemic preparedness architecture that benefits everyone, everywhere.

GHTC shared a statement ahead of the first part of Senate Committee on Appropriations' hearing on "Biomedical Research: Keeping America's Edge in Innovation," emphasizing how the US government contributes to developing lifesaving technologies that help Americans and people around the world, as well as generate significant economic benefits for the United States and urging appropriators to continue to support this work.Statement for the RecordSubmitted by Dr. Kristie Mikus, Executive Director, Global Health Technologies Coalition April 29, 2025 Introduction The Global Health Technologies Coalition (GHTC) thanks the committee for allowing the submission of statements for the record for such a crucial hearing. The title “Biomedical Research: Keeping America’s Edge in Innovation” underscores what a critical moment we are in as a nation as we watch various branches of the US-supported biomedical innovation ecosystem come to a halt after decades of meaningful and methodical progress. Over the past ~100 days, the scientific community has faced challenges on an unprecedented scale and has been forced to reckon with an uncertain future where the United States may start to fall behind the rest of the world. As GHTC—a group of 50 nonprofit organizations, academic institutions, and aligned businesses advancing policies to accelerate the creation of new drugs, vaccines, diagnostics, and other health tools to bring healthy lives within reach for all people—we encourage the committee to not lose sight of or backpaddle in support of key biomedical innovation programs that have been written into bipartisan appropriations bills for decades. Our coalition focuses on the challenge of conducting research and development (R&D) for neglected diseases, emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and other global health priorities for which there is a lack of commercial incentive to spur large private sector R&D investments. Because of this market gap, the US government created the funding structures and capacity for R&D to develop lifesaving technologies that mitigate the progression of diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis (TB), Ebola, Zika, and, most recently, COVID-19. These efforts by the US government have saved millions of lives and improved the well-being of an even greater share of people around the world afflicted with illnesses that have plagued humanity for centuries. The challenge and way forward through R&D Unfortunately, we are still without essential technologies to achieve a future where pandemics are prevented and health is within reach for all. Additionally, diseases are evolving and beginning to outpace our ability to respond effectively. In 2022, 1.3 million people were killed by TB, 1.3 million people were newly diagnosed with HIV, and 249 million people were infected by malaria. In 2021, at least 1.14 million people were killed by bacterial resistance, and 4.71 million deaths were associated with bacterial resistance. More than 1 billion people worldwide are affected by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), a group of 21 diseases caused by a variety of pathogens. Given these growing challenges, new medical products are needed to overcome neglected diseases, stay ahead of the deadly growth of drug and insecticide resistance, replace outdated and toxic treatments, prepare for future pandemics, and better reach low-resource and remote communities in the United States and globally. The United States has a proven track record of success. US government support has led to the development of 67 approved global health technologies (excluding COVID-19-related technologies), representing over a quarter of all approved global health technologies created worldwide since 1999. Looking ahead and toward new challenges, there are 579 global health technologies in late-stage development worldwide, with the US government supporting 261 (45 percent) of them through US agency collaborations. However, canceling grants, halting future investments, and firing key staff will be debilitating setbacks for these late-stage products. In addition to building the innovation ecosystem that helps to protect Americans’ health and security, investing in global health innovation also yields significant domestic economic benefits. Such benefits include remarkable job creation, economic gains, and a flourishing technology sector propelled by US dollars and expertise. After analyzing the data, GHTC and our partners at Impact Global Health released a report quantifying the return on investment of US government funding for global health R&D over the past 16-plus years. Highlights of this analysis include:  More than 600,000 new jobs created in the United States. A direct influx of more than $104 billion into the US economy. A separate and additional $102 billion into the economy from basic-science-related global health research. And, finally, an estimated $251 billion that will be infused into the economy from future innovations underpinned by the past 16 years of investment and invention.Broadly, the US government agency network that supports global health R&D includes the Department of State; the US Agency for International Development (USAID); the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health, and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA); and the Department of Defense. Each of these agencies’ work on global health R&D has in some capacity been jeopardized, frozen, or eliminated in the past 100 days. While we appreciate the need for thoughtful reviews of federal funding and the pursuit of an effective executive branch, the cuts to and eliminations of key global health programs will damage the legacy of US leadership in the innovation space. Luckily, there is time to reverse these decisions, change course, and reestablish the United States as a powerhouse of biomedical R&D, as well as a trusted and well-funded research partner to the world. Below we intend to highlight a few areas where the global health R&D community finds itself at a critical juncture. Understanding that a significant amount of funding has hit a standstill, we want to present not only an update to the committee of where the work stands but also what the future could look like if these lifesaving and cost-effective programs, projects, and functions are fully operational. USAID Over the past several months, the critical R&D work conducted through USAID funding has hit a standstill. Many of our members have had their programs terminated, putting an indefinite hold on progress toward tackling some of the world’s most pressing challenges. As a key implementer of US global health programs, USAID, while not perfect, has been wellpositioned to identify pressing gaps and needs in innovations. The agency applies a unique business mindset, focusing on the late-stage R&D of technologies that are affordable, appropriate for last-mile settings, and primed for widespread adoption—thus maximizing the impact of US taxpayer investment. The benefit of these investments for Americans is also substantial: these investments not only save and improve lives worldwide, but they also strengthen the US economy, support our innovation sector, and keep Americans safe. Following a brief foreign assistance review, nearly all global health R&D awards were terminated. Projects terminated include efforts to advance: Promising HIV vaccines. Two early-stage trials of promising HIV vaccines were stopped from proceeding after patient enrollment had begun. Researchers now face a ticking clock to find alternative funding to continue the trials before the doses expire and efforts to train staff and recruit patients are for naught. An HIV vaccine is a priority to end the epidemic in the United States and globally. Next-generation malaria vaccines with improved efficacy. A clinical trial of two experimental vaccines in the United Kingdom was shut down mid-trial after some patients had already received doses, leaving them without appropriate follow-up care, and an award to the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research was ended. Advancing improved malaria vaccines is a priority for global health and protecting US military personnel. Shorter treatment and preventative regimens for TB, including drug-resistant forms, which could reduce treatment time by several months and improve adherence. Three significant treatment trials were halted, including two that were set to begin this year, and one with children, which was stopped mid-trial after some kids had received partial treatment. A trial that was set to start this spring to advance a one-month preventative therapy to stop people exposed to DR-TB from developing active TB is now on hold, and its future is unclear. Efforts to strengthen laboratory and surveillance systems across dozens of countries, which is critical to detect and prevent the spread of EIDs. If these efforts are resumed, the decades-long fights to tackle these diseases could reach a tipping point after years of dedicated work by the brightest minds in the American research enterprise. NIH NIH excels at basic and early-stage biomedical research, unlocking scientific discoveries that can later be translated into lifesaving global health technologies by the private sector, nonprofits, and other US agencies. While NIH primarily facilitates basic research on global health challenges through intramural programs and external grants to universities, nonprofits, and other organizations across the United States, its ongoing investments in clinical trials for HIV/AIDS— and, increasingly, trials for malaria and TB—also makes it one of the biggest global funders of clinical development in each of these disease areas. Two key NIH institutes and centers, the Fogarty International Center (FIC) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), contribute the lion’s share to global health R&D that directly benefits US citizens. Both FIC and NIAID are at risk of elimination and/or reprioritization and have absorbed some of the deepest cuts after the recent HHS reorganization. Both institute directors were reassigned to the Indian Health Service, and grants that focus on, among other issues, international collaboration, HIV/AIDS, and pandemic prevention have been terminated or indefinitely frozen. We write today to encourage the appropriations committee to think strategically about these vital resources at NIH and their contributions to our national and global health security through the pursuit of innovation. FIC plays an important role in accelerating science, partnerships, and technical assistance to advance new technologies for some of the world’s most pressing health challenges. With less than one-fifth of one percent of the total NIH budget, the center delivers significant scientific returns for global and American health, forging international partnerships to facilitate truly global research. Many FIC-trained scientists now hold high-ranking academic and government positions around the world and have made critical contributions to long-standing global public health challenges such as HIV/AIDS and emerging threats like COVID-19, Zika, and Ebola. Ultimately, FIC investments abroad improve public health in the United States. FIC’s investments in scientific capacity globally improve our ability to detect emerging and novel disease threats sooner. The center also creates a platform for partnerships between scientists in the United States and around the world. When FIC investments lead to new tools or interventions designed for low-resource settings, these innovations can be deployed back in the United States, where they can drive down costs and improve access to health care in rural settings—an exchange known as reciprocal innovation. For over six decades, most NIH funding for neglected disease R&D has flowed through NIAID, which conducts research across a range of global infectious disease threats, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB, NTDs, influenza, Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19. NIAID scientists, in partnership with Moderna, developed one of first COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA-1273, to reach Americans, and advanced the vaccine to human clinical trials just 65 days after the genome of the virus was shared—far quicker than any previous vaccine development timeline. Beyond COVID-19, NIAID has recently contributed to several major global health innovations: NIAID supported, through a public-private partnership, the development of an innovative, automated diagnostic for TB—the Cepheid Xpert® MTB/RIF test—which is simple to use and provides results in less than two hours. In comparison, older diagnostic methods can take several weeks. NIAID supported clinical research demonstrating that a combination of two newer drugs, bedaquiline and delamanid, could be safely taken together to treat drug-resistant TB in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. NIAID supported preclinical research that contributed to the development of pretomanid, a new drug approved in 2019 by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as part of a combination therapy for highly drug-resistant forms of TB. NIAID developed an Ebola treatment, mAb114, which was found to dramatically improve the survival rate of infected patients in a clinical trial carried out amid the 2019- 2019 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The technology underpinning this treatment has also been used in research on therapeutics for COVID-19—illustrating how continued investment in a range of global health challenges helps prime our research infrastructure and scientific knowledge base for emerging threats. We have seen the NIH research partnerships supported by FIC and the technologies accelerated by NIAID scientists transform our global health security toolbox and take center stage in the fights against the most significant health-related disasters in recent memory. These institutes and centers have saved American lives while powering the biomedical innovation engine that makes the United States’ leadership on these issues second to none. Sustaining support for these research entities will help maintain our edge on innovation and keep us all safe. BARDA BARDA supports the advanced development of vaccines, drugs, and other medical countermeasures to protect Americans against threats to public health, including EIDs, AMR, and pandemic influenza. BARDA works with industry to bridge the “valley of death” between basic research and product development—so called because many potential medical innovations stall after public funding for basic research drops off but before other public, private, or nonprofit R&D funders pick up later-stage product development efforts. Through unique contracting and incentive mechanisms, BARDA’s partnerships ensure promising research is translated into urgently needed medical products by creating commercial incentives for private-sector partners to invest in R&D. Through emergency supplemental appropriations, BARDA has made a significant impact during global health emergencies. Between 2015 and 2017, BARDA helped advance at least three Ebola vaccine candidates, at least six diagnostics for Zika, and at least five Zika vaccine candidates, leading to 11 US Food and Drug Administration-approved products for filoviruses like Ebola and Zika. BARDA has also supported development of broad-spectrum antiviral called galidesivir, which has the potential to treat a variety of pathogens, including Ebola, Marburg, yellow fever, and Zika. In response to COVID-19, BARDA has supported at least 127 products, including vaccines, diagnostics, therapeutics, and devices, and devices through $25 billion in emergency supplemental funding appropriated through COVID-19 relief bills, which is more than 43 times its base fiscal year 2020 appropriation. As we have all now seen firsthand, the delay between the emergence of a health threat and the development of appropriate tools to combat it costs lives and disrupts the most fundamental functioning of our global society. BARDA has also already made significant contributions to the global effort to curb AMR, including through the founding of the Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X), as directed by the U.S. National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Since 2017, CARB-X has supported 113 R&D projects in 14 countries. Of these, 18 projects have already advanced into or completed clinical trials; 12 remain active in clinical development, including late-stage clinical trials; and three diagnostic products have reached the market. Indeed, BARDA is a leader across three critical stages of R&D through three programs: preclinical research supported by CARB-X, clinical research funded through the Broad Spectrum Antimicrobials Program, and post-approval funding from the Project BioShield Special Reserve Fund. Conclusion Global health research that improves the lives of people around the world while at the same time supporting US interests, creating jobs, and spurring economic growth at home is a win-win investment. The traditional distinction between “domestic” and “global” can create vulnerabilities to Americans’ health and well-being. Many diseases that may not be common in the United States now still pose significant domestic health concern or threats to Americans. The incidence and burden of these health challenges globally represent a reservoir for continued spread, risking the emergence of dangerous genetic mutations, and they are also a source of significant human and economic loss. Millions of people die every year, and our vulnerability to disease increases because we lack the necessary technological innovations. The United States, as a biomedical research powerhouse, can change history and save lives through relatively small public investments while meeting necessary domestic health security requirements. It also makes good business sense for America to invest in biomedical innovation for global health considering the economic benefits to the United States aforementioned, including several hundred thousands of jobs created for the US economy. The challenges the R&D community faces today are hard to ignore, but by regaining lost ground on issues like funding biomedical innovation, reengaging with international research collaborations, and strengthening the capacity for research universities and research organizations, we can pull ahead and reclaim our strategic edge.

GHTC sent public written testimony to the House Appropriations Subcommittees on National Security, Department of State, and Related Programs (NSRP) and Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (LHHS), urging policymakers to increase funding and include supportive policy directives for global health research and development in fiscal year 2026 (FY26) spending bills. Among other priorities, the testimony urges Congress to continue to direct the US Agency for International Development and the Department of State to prioritize science, technology, and innovation as core pillars of its global health mission and to appropriate robust funding for emerging infectious diseases and additional funding for antimicrobial resistance at the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority.

South Africa’s presidency will be the first time an African country presides over the G20, representing a massive opportunity to shine a light on the needs and capacities of the region, and we welcome their government's focus on science-based innovation. The world remains dangerously unprepared to prevent and respond to emerging diseases and global health threats, and G20 leaders must take action and seize opportunities to ensure every country and community has the tools they need to address poverty-related and neglected diseases as part of universal health coverage and create a pandemic-ready future. This means investing in both new and existing mechanisms that facilitate the development of new health technologies and strengthen the research and development (R&D) ecosystem globally to create a more fit-for-purpose global health architecture.GHTC is calling upon G20 nations to support the Global Coalition for Local and Regional Production, Innovation, and Equitable Access; robustly fund R&D partnerships for pandemic preparedness; establish a global medical countermeasures platform; support investments to strengthen local R&D capacity globally; advance R&D for key priorities like antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and climate resiliency; and improve access to new technologies through regulatory strengthening, specifically prioritizing the R&D needs of underserved populations.1. Pandemic prevention, preparedness, and responseIt is clear that building up robust research and manufacturing capacities in regional science ecosystems is critical to ensuring access to quality and affordable health technologies for the most vulnerable populations, including women and children. Yet the challenge lies in catalyzing more geographically diversified local production of novel health products and building sustainable manufacturing capacity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Cross collaboration is also essential, as these capabilities are not just necessary for strengthening pandemic preparedness and response, but also for combatting endemic diseases. GHTC calls on the G20 to consider the following recommendations:  Support the implementation and pilot testing of the Global Coalition for Local and Regional Production, Innovation, and Equitable Access.Ensure civil society and community voices have a seat at the table, including in the decision-making structures of the coalition.Highlight the need to focus on local and regional R&D to fill the gap in health tools for the world’s most neglected communities, including tools addressing historically neglected diseases, such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue, as well as higher-burden, poverty-related diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.Boost upstream R&D through the coalition, harnessing and strengthening R&D capacities across G20 countries through both South-South and triangular partnerships. This could include supporting open drug discovery networks, undertaking preclinical and clinical evaluation of prioritized compounds, and initiating clinical trials.Foster regulatory cooperation by collaborating with stakeholders such as the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization, the African Union, the European Union, and others, to share expertise and conduct joint reviews in order to overcome regulatory bottlenecks and facilitate rapid access to products.Strengthen local capacity and ownership through support for R&D hubs that span the product development value chain, from discovery to productive development to distributed manufacturing to clinical trial infrastructure in LMICs. Support regionally led plans for innovation and manufacturing of economically viable vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics.Couple manufacturing investments with commitments by private-sector companies and governments to step up support for technology transfer, technical assistance to local manufacturers for quality systems, regulatory authorization, market entry, and workforce development so that new manufacturing hubs have the equipment, expertise, know-how, and power to produce and deliver new quality-assured innovations safely and rapidly at scale.Support preferential procurement policies for regionally manufactured products from global procurers such as Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; UNICEF; and Unitaid. Commit to developing globally accessible online prototype libraries of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for priority viral and bacterial families and for Disease X, in coordination with the World Health Organization’s updated priority viral family list.Accelerate clinical trials aiming to determine product safety and effectiveness and systematically include community engagement plans in clinical study protocols. Establish reference standards for diagnostics early in disease outbreaks and clinical trials.Fully and sustainably finance public-private R&D and access partnerships for strategic health products that will be crucial during a future health emergency or pandemic, including committing $80 million to FIND’s 100 Days Mission framework for diagnostics and $1.5 billion to fulfill the remaining financing needs for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations’s 100 Days Mission strategy for vaccines, as well as supporting Unitaid and others for therapeutics including oxygen therapy.Establish and adopt an end-to-end medical countermeasures platform guided by human rights principles, focusing on the needs of all, particularly those in LMICs, through sustainable financing, addressing R&D needs, and implementing mechanisms for equitable access.Support the coordination of vaccine manufacturing networks to service clinical trials and routine supplies in inter-pandemic and pandemic periods.Facilitate agreement between key stakeholders, countries and funders on how sustainable stockpiles of experimental vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics can be created to enable a rapid response to new outbreaks.2. Science and innovation for health and economic growthSouth Africa’s leadership in health research and commitment to science within its G20 health agenda reflects the important role that innovation plays in improving health outcomes and driving economic growth. A resilient product development value chain further fosters innovation of lifesaving products and elevates community expertise. To build on collaboration across G20 health priorities, it is critical to implement an end-to-end research pipeline that carries lessons learned throughout, from clinical trials to manufacturing and surveillance. Furthermore, the evolving threat of AMR underscores the need for crosscutting and sustainable innovation, touching on issues of pandemic preparedness, climate resilience, adaptability, and more. AMR is anticipated to cause 10 million deaths by 2050, with the highest burden in the Global South. While it was promising to see AMR commitments made last year on the global stage, it is imperative that South Africa carries this work forward as G20 lead this year. GHTC calls on G20 countries to consider the following recommendations:  Support cross-collaborative approaches for innovation—globally and across G20 health pillars—that foster localized capacity-building and equitable access to products that ensure the specific R&D needs of women, children, and other vulnerable populations are addressed.  Establish a comprehensive end-to-end product development pipeline that optimizes global health R&D outputs and maximizes return on investment across G20 priorities. G20 countries should ensure greater cross-sector collaboration—including the pandemic preparedness and science for health pillars—to advance the R&D ecosystem.Engage with local experts, such as primary health care providers, community members, and civil society, to identify specific health technology gaps for underserved populations and take actionable steps to close them, including specifying target product profiles and investing in therapeutics and diagnostic tools for children and pregnant women.  Leverage existing political frameworks dedicated to global health R&D, such as the African Union-European Union Innovation Agenda, to develop joint research and innovation agendas to improve the availability and affordability of emerging technologies. Support product development partnerships, which have been a key instrument in the fight against poverty-related and neglected diseases and make further investments in this essential component of the global health architecture. This is particularly critical to ensure that products are developed and distributed with the end user in mind and with characteristics, including affordability, acceptability, and ease of administration, that facilitate their uptake and delivery.  Prioritize addressing AMR by investing in the development of novel products and engaging in key partnerships with civil society and multilateral bodies to build on progress made in the fight against AMR.Invest in R&D to develop new antimicrobials and ensure investments align with global and regional push/pull incentives that harness the financial force and prowess of the private sector to bring novel antimicrobial products to market.  Contribute to existing global AMR players, such as the Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator, or CARB-X, and the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, or GARDP.  Provide ongoing support to the Global AMR R&D Hub in its work providing countries and investors with the latest AMR R&D landscape information, helping to address market gaps. The Hub should also pave the way for efficient deployment of tailor-made incentives for R&D and facilitate global discussions on priorities and opportunities for increasing investments in R&D. With so many tectonic shifts for global health in 2025, GHTC urges G20 members to work with civil society to push for the successful implementation of these key principles, pledges, and initiatives and build a global health architecture with all relevant stakeholders that increases the development of and access to health technologies.

GHTC's statement on Agenda item 22: Climate and Health at the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Executive Board (EB) meeting.Climate change undermines global health security, and we applaud WHO’s resolution and new Global Action Plan on Climate and Health to address these risks. WHO’s drafted plan accounts for the important role that research will play in addressing climate change, including through regional research capacity-building. We especially applaud the document’s call for member states to promote research and development (R&D) to prevent, detect, treat, and respond to climate-sensitive diseases and health outcomes.  However, while the draft includes several strong R&D provisions, it mentions the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) only once. AMR is poised to cause 10 million annual deaths by 2050, and likely more with the growing influence of rising temperatures and evolving zoonotic diseases. Highlighting AMR as a global health threat inextricably linked to climate change and developing actionable guidance will be crucial for holistic and successful global action. With this in mind, we strongly suggest WHO and member states take the following actions: 1. WHO and member states should align the global action plan with last year's World Health Assembly resolution to accelerate global efforts to address antimicrobial resistance. In particular, we urge both WHO and member states to establish a global AMR laboratory network to strengthen worldwide AMR diagnostic capacity. 2. We urge WHO to work jointly with member states to strengthen resilience and adaptation to climate change through increased investments to develop new treatments that keep pace with resistance. We encourage member state investment in R&D to pioneer innovative health technologies, including prioritizing the expansion of access to health tools for those in vulnerable geographies and for the populations most impacted by AMR. 3. We encourage countries to accelerate the development and implementation of national action plans for AMR surveillance and response in addition to prioritizing a comprehensive One Health approach that appraises the needs of those most burdened by AMR. We call on WHO to continue supporting the development, revision, and implementation of AMR national action plans on a routine basis and facilitating regional- and cross-country-level collaboration and integration of national action plans.