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On the second day of the XIX International AIDS Conference, the need for a host of new tools to prevent and treat HIV and AIDS has already made it to the forefront of the agenda. Of particular note has been the resounding call for a vaccine to prevent HIV, with leading policymakers, scientists, and advocates saying that the world will never reach the end of AIDS without this powerful tool. In a session that focused on improving the effectiveness and efficacy in the HIV and AIDS response, Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC) said that a vaccine is desperately needed to help make a sizable dent in the pandemic. Graham’s call for a vaccine was echoed by Bill Gates from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The “ultimate tool” in the fight against HIV and AIDS “will be a vaccine,” Gates said, adding that the US government has been the largest supporter of efforts to develop and vaccine “by far.” He also said that microbicide gels and rings will be powerful prevention products. Without a number of these new tools, the world cannot “talk seriously about moving toward the end” of the pandemic. “We will get these tools, but only if we stay the course.” Later in the afternoon, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director Francis Collins and Jon Cohen from Science magazine chaired a panel that looked at what lies ahead in HIV and AIDS science. Gary Nabel, director of the NIH’s Vaccine Research Center, said “we’ve never been in a more exciting position” in the search for an HIV and AIDS vaccine. He added that recent discoveries related to broadly neutralizing antibodies over the past two years have made HIV vaccine research “like a phoenix rising from the ashes.” When sharing their hopes for the status of HIV and AIDS research, several panelists also stressed the urgent need to develop new HIV prevention and treatment options. Nabel said that by 2020, he expects researchers will be “in the midst of efficacy trials for an HIV vaccine candidate.” Robert Siliciano of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine stressed that by 2020, scientists will be leading clinical trials for new drugs that attack HIV reservoirs. And Dawn Averitt-Bridge of the Well Project said that by 2020, she hopes the world has effective microbicides to prevent HIV, a functional cure for the disease, and that “research makes it into the lives of the people and families we all care so much about.” Cohen ended the session with a call for young people to become the “next generation of scientists” leading HIV and AIDS research. “I’m looking to the young people, because that’s where the revolution is going to happen.” Kim Lufkin is the GHTC’s communications officer.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved the first over-the-counter, self-administered HIV test. Developed by OraSure Technologies, the test is 92 percent accurate and will cost less than $20. A recent article in IRIN News highlights the serious need for new antibiotic drugs worldwide, and discusses the potential of public-private partnerships to boost antibiotic discoveries. The United Nations (UN) is urging countries to impose various innovative financing mechanisms in an effort to raise money to offset cutbacks in development aid. The UN hopes that coordinated taxes on carbon emissions, air traffic, currency transactions, and other taxes could raise more than $400 billion a year. Global Health Initiative (GHI) leaders announced last week that the GHI office will be phased out at the State Department. According to GHI Executive Director Lois Quam, the GHI office will be replaced by the State Department’s new Office of Global Health Diplomacy.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. GHTC member the American Foundation for AIDS Research has issued a brief analyzing the human impact that widespread budget cuts, or sequestration, would have on US-funded global health programs. The brief concludes that a “proportionate cut in US Global Health Initiative funding through sequestration would have minimal impact on deficit reduction … The human impact of such cuts in US investments, however, would be devastating.” The director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Francis Collins, also discussed the effect of sequestration on biomedical research. He testified before the Health Subcommittee of the Energy and Commerce Committee, saying that sequestration “could do serious damage to the progress that we now see in medical research [at the NIH].” The European Medicines Agency has issued a recommendation that the Hexaxim childhood vaccine is safe for use outside of the European Union. Developed by Sanofi, the vaccine offers protection against six World Health Organization priority diseases. A recent article in USA Today looks at the potential of a widely used HIV/AIDS drug, Truvada, as a possible tool to prevent HIV transmission. In an effort to make foreign assistance more transparent, the US Agency for International Development has made its foreign assistance obligation and expenditure data available online on the Foreign Assistance Dashboard. An experimental four-in-one HIV and AIDS drug called Quad is found to be safe and effective after going through a three-phase clinical process. The Lancet published the research following a recommendation in May by a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory panel to approve Quad for previously untreated adults infected with HIV-1. A final decision is expected from the FDA by August.

This post originally appeared on the ONE blog. As the International AIDS Conference descends on DC later this month — the first time this conference has been held in the United States in over 20 years — there couldn’t be a better time to reflect on the scientific gains that have emerged over the past several months, and how a wide range of dedicated Americans are pushing this HIV and AIDS research forward. Just last month, one of GHTC’s member organizations, the Maryland-based International Partnership for Microbicides, launched a new study to determine whether a monthly antiretroviral (ARV)-containing vaginal ring can safely and effectively help prevent HIV infection in women. Advocates have long called for more female-initiated HIV prevention options, like a microbicide gel or ring. If proven to be efficacious, the ring would provide women with a discreet and easy-to-use form of protection and could provide new power by putting HIV prevention in the hands of women. The US government has historically played a major role in pushing forward a research and development (R&D) agenda for HIV and AIDS, and the past few months are no exception. For example, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been particularly active in reviewing new HIV and AIDS tools that have successfully emerged from the research pipeline. The US government and partners worldwide have long supported research for new tools to prevent, test, and treat HIV and AIDS. At this Kenya AIDS Vaccine Institute lab in Nairobi, US support is helping to advance research for an HIV and AIDS vaccine. Photo credit: PATH/Evelyn Hockstein Earlier this summer, an FDA advisory council recommended that the agency approve the use of the ARV Truvada, made by Gilead Sciences, by certain high-risk, HIV-negative people as a preventive measure against HIV in a method known as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Although the FDA will not make a final decision until mid-September, an approval by the FDA would signify a new way forward in preventing HIV infection in the US and across the globe. And just a few days ago, the first-ever take home HIV test was approved by the FDA. Although some questions remain around the implementation of the home test, it is an important step forward in providing greater testing access to the many individuals in the US who are unaware of their HIV status. In addition to the FDA, a host of US federal agencies have long been committed to advancing HIV and AIDS R&D. A new report released earlier this year by the GHTC and Policy Cures illustrates the impact of US government support for new HIV tools, like an HIV vaccine and the woman’s condom. Both the woman’s condom and many HIV vaccine candidates have been developed in partnerships with the US government alongside philanthropic organizations and industry. Without the critical support from the US government and partners around the world, we would not be as close to creating these and other breakthrough technologies in the fight against HIV and AIDS. For instance, new modeling data released by the New York-based International AIDS Vaccine Initiative shows that a safe, preventive HIV vaccine that is accessible and affordable can help us end the AIDS pandemic. IAVI’s data shows that even a 50 percent effective HIV vaccine could prevent over five million new HIV infections over a decade, once introduced to a segment of the population in low- and middle-income countries. This is a critical moment in the fight against AIDS, and the first International AIDS Conference to be held in the US in more than two decades provides a tremendous opportunity for US policymakers to recommit the US government to advancing new tools for HIV prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It’s my hope that US policymakers -– both members of Congress, particularly as they continue to move forward with the annual appropriations process, and the Administration — listen to the thousands of researchers, advocates, people living with HIV, and others who will be calling for new tools to help curb and eventually end this epidemic at the International AIDS Conference later this month. Kaitlin Christenson is the GHTC's coalition director.