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In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. A new bill introduced in the House of Representatives aims to tighten reporting requirements for ClinicalTrials.gov, the public online registry run by the National Institutes of Health. The HIV and AIDS drug Truvada safely and effectively reduces the risk of HIV for certain at-risk populations, according to the first US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines on using the drugs for prevention. Nature Medicine recently examined how several pharmaceutical companies are testing new drug candidates to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis. The Government Accountability Office has released a new report that details regulatory policies and requirements put into place under various US global health programs. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced that Dr. Orin Levine has been named director of Vaccine Delivery. Levine, a member of the GHTC, is currently a professor of International Health and executive director of the International Vaccine Access Center at the Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg School of Public Health.

As the XIX International AIDS Conference continues in Washington this week, research for new tools to prevent and treat HIV and AIDS is standing out as a major theme. Below, we provide a summary of various sessions that have touched on research and product development topics. The US Congress and the Global AIDS Epidemic: Amid a group of protestors on Wednesday, former Sen. Bill Frist (R-TN) moderated a session with Sen. Chris Coons (D-DE), Sen. Mike Enzi (R-WY), Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA), and Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL). When discussing her newly released bill—the Ending the HIV and AIDS Epidemic Act of 2012—Lee said that even in these “difficult” financial times, “we must move forward toward an AIDS-free generation.” Several other panelists stressed that a large part of achieving an AIDS-free generation will involve research for new products to prevent, test, and treat the disease. Speaking about recent scientific advances to create an HIV and AIDS cure, Rubio said that increased investment in innovation is critical to advancing these efforts. Coons echoed these comments, saying, “We need to double-down, we need to invest in basic science, invest in translational science, a vaccine, and new drugs. We need to innovate.” Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA) at the International AIDS Conference. Photo credit: PATH. Effective Solutions to Combat HIV: Increasing Evidence of the Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases on HIV Transmission and Disease Progression: In a session that examined the link between HIV and AIDS and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), Giuseppe Pantaleo, chief of the Division of Immunology and Allergy at the University of Lausanne, said that 25 percent of people living with HIV worldwide are also co-infected with an NTD. He added that because of the high co-infection rate, there is a great need to focus on research, such as the clinical links between HIV and NTDs. Maria Aparecida Shikanai Yasuda from the University of Sao Paulo reiterated this point, saying that research is needed to develop new NTD drugs that are less toxic and more efficient. Astrid-Christina Koch, with the Delegation of the European Union to the United States, said that the second phase of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership will fund more stages of research. Currently the partnership covers research Phases II and III but will expand to cover Phases I through IV. This expansion could go a long way in addressing product development for NTDs and other global health diseases. Microbicides, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and vaccines continue to take center stage at AIDS 2012. At a session to discuss The Role of Vaccines in Ending the Pandemic, panelists stressed that vaccines have proven to be one of the best, cost-effective global health solutions, and that research needs to continue to develop a vaccine for HIV and AIDS. Margaret McCluskey from the US Agency for International Development quoted Sen. John Kerry (D-MA), who has called an HIV and AIDS vaccine the “holy grail.” During a session on Wednesday on Microbicides and PrEP: Back to Basics, Ian McGowan from the University of Pittsburgh emphasized that a range of microbicide and PrEP formulations—from intra-muscular injections to vaginal and rectal products, rings, and oral pills—are needed to provide men and women worldwide with a range of HIV prevention choices that best fit their specific needs. Kim Lufkin is the GHTC’s communications officer.

The world of HIV and AIDS research and development (R&D) is changing dramatically, and sessions this week at the XIX International AIDS Conference have examine how R&D advocates need to adapt and adjust their strategies in this new environment. The global financial crisis is at the forefront of many people’s minds, along with issues like increasing demands on already strapped country-level budgets and the possible shift from the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals. At a session on Tuesday to discuss persuading policymakers to invest in tuberculosis (TB) R&D, Richard Horton from the Lancet said that TB advocates have recently recognized the need for a different approach that involves going directly to policymakers, as well as bringing TB scientists and researchers together with national decision-makers in order to create a collective will to address the leading killer of HIV-positive people worldwide. Two members of parliament from the United Kingdom—Cathy Jamieson and Pamela Nash—stressed that in addition to making their evidence and arguments simple and understandable, advocates need to connect their issues to a politician’s constituents, as constituents are always a policymaker’s top priority. “My job as a politician is to listen to the evidence and expertise that you bring, and then make sure funding is available to address those priorities,” Jamieson said. (from left to right): GHTC Director Kaitlin Christenson, IAVI's Prince Bahati, Henriette Laursen of AIDS-Fondet, Christine Lubinski from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Chamunorwa Jefrey Mashoko from AVAC. Photo credit: PATH Later that afternoon, the GHTC and several coalition members—Aeras, AVAC, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), and the International Partnership for Microbicides—hosted a session to discuss how advocates can adapt their advocacy to meet today’s challenges. Four main themes emerged—the first focused on taking a community approach to R&D advocacy that includes a range of diseases and products. “Policymakers are tired of vertical advocacy,” Prince Bahati of IAVI said, adding, “We as advocates have the opportunity to create a platform of integrated advocacy, comprised of advocates, and scientists. We need to adapt to the transition that is happening and create one voice.” Chamunorwa Jefrey Mashoko, an AVAC advocacy fellow, added that a key part of this effort will involve scientific collaboration between African and American researchers. Panelists also discussed the need to engage new voices in their advocacy, including researchers working on new HIV and TB tools, as well as the people and communities who will ultimately benefit from these new products. Christine Lubinski from the Infectious Diseases Society of America said that some of the most successful project she’s worked on involved taking members of Congress to African countries in order to see first-hand TB and HIV research projects and clinical trials, and to meet African scientists. She added that it’s vital to show policymakers that there is a domestic constituency who believes in global health R&D, comprised of academic institutions, scientists, and researchers. “We have game-changing tools in the pipeline,” Lubinski said, adding, “We have a real opportunity with some of these new products, and I believe that’s our biggest weapon as advocates.” Additionally, the panelists talked about how there is a great need to recognize investments that have been made in global health R&D from donors, as well as how to engage new donors from countries such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Finally, the panelists stressed the importance of advocating for new tools as well as increased access to existing and proven tools. “There really isn’t a division between advocating for R&D and advocating for existing tools,” Henriette Laursen of AIDS-Fondet said. She added, “We can look at the historical successes of R&D and recognize that they are both part of the package.” Kim Lufkin is the GHTC’s communications officer.

The following guest post from International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) President and CEO Margaret McGlynn, AVAC Executive Director Mitchell Warren, and UNAIDS Executive Director Michel Sidibe comes on the release of Investing to End the AIDS Epidemic: A New Era for HIV Research & Development, a report from the HIV Vaccine & Microbicides Resource Tracking Working Group. This post originally appeared on Science Speaks. Close to 25,000 scientists, policymakers, and advocates from around the world are gathering here in Washington, DC, this week for the 2012 International AIDS Conference, where much of the discussion will be about how we can end the AIDS pandemic. The fact that these conversations will be based not just on hope but on real scientific progress proves how far we’ve come and how much we’ve learned in the struggle against AIDS over the last decade. Unprecedented public and private commitments to HIV prevention, treatment, and care over the last 10 years have saved the lives of millions of men, women, and children. Now more than ever we can see the path that leads to the end of the AIDS pandemic. Researchers, policymakers, funders, and advocates alike have long understood that new prevention options need be developed and made widely accessible to truly turn the tide on AIDS. Recent years have brought amazing breakthroughs in HIV prevention research. If prevention research were a business, now would be the time to invest. A decade ago our organizations launched the HIV Vaccine & Microbicides Resource Tracking Working Group in response to a call in the 2001 UN Declaration of Commitment on HIV and AIDS to track investments toward new tools and strategies for HIV prevention. Our data show that donors have remained committed to advancing research and development of new prevention tools to support a broader and more effective response to the HIV pandemic. The Working Group’s latest report, Investing to End the AIDS Epidemic: A New Era for HIV Research & Development, documents 2011 research investments in preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines, cure research, microbicide development, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and operations research to support implementation of such evidence-based interventions as the prevention of vertical transmission, voluntary medical male circumcision, and the use of antiretroviral therapies for HIV prevention. The report also looks back over a decade of mostly increasing investments that have made a number of key scientific advances possible and continue to fuel progress toward more effective biomedical approaches and improved implementation of existing prevention tools. Most of the $1.24 billion invested in new HIV prevention tools in 2011 came from dedicated public sector donors, especially the United States government. While funding for HIV prevention research and development saw a slight drop from the previous year, we acknowledge that difficult economic times have shrunk many public sector budgets. We laud funders and advocates for acknowledging the potential value of these tools through continued support and long-term vision. The prevention of HIV contributes to healthier populations and can save precious funds for other vital health and development needs. We are excited about how far HIV prevention research and development will go over the next decade, and we’re grateful for the continued support of committed donors in difficult economic times. Yet, capitalizing on exciting science will require stabilized funding to be supplemented as new breakthroughs move us toward effective new tools. We are concerned that staying the course might not be enough. The field will need sustained support for research across the development pipeline—from the basic scientific research that underpins new approaches to HIV prevention, to the translation of that research into candidate products and new strategies, to the costly large-scale trials that evaluate the safety and efficacy of promising products. Ending the AIDS pandemic requires us to think big and to think strategically. Join us in supporting the exciting science that will help make ending the AIDS pandemic a reality.