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In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. Researchers say that a new discovery could pave the way for the development of flu treatments or even a universal vaccine. GHTC member the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, in partnership with India’s Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, recently launched a new HIV Vaccine Design Program. An increasing number of new medical devices are aiming to help people deal with health conditions in ways that previously required the aid of a medical professional. GHTC member the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative recently named some of the world's most eminent malaria scientists to its Vaccine Science Portfolio Advisory Council. In related news, the biotechnology company Antigen Discovery has received a three-year grant worth $2.5 million from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for its efforts to develop a malaria vaccine.

  In this guest post, Joanna Breitstein, director of communications at the TB Alliance, highlights the response to a new study that indicates a novel tuberculosis (TB) combination drug may be on the horizon. Global press coverage this week cites a Lancet study suggesting that scientists have made significant progress toward developing an effective and affordable treatment for TB, a disease that every year kills more than 1.4 million people and is the primary cause of death among people with AIDS. Released on Monday during a presentation at the International AIDS Conference (IAC), the results of the Phase II trial in South Africa offer hope for a treatment breakthrough amid the growing and dangerous epidemic of drug-resistant forms of TB that, in some cases, are becoming untreatable. Image courtesy of the TB Alliance. In a story by the Associated Press, science writer Lauran Neergaard reports, “Scientists are hot on the trail of a new tuberculosis treatment that a small study suggests might one day offer an alternative to battle this deadly lung disease, even if it’s resistant to today’s two main drugs.” Asked to comment on the new study, IAC Co-Chair Dr. Diane Havlir of the University of California,San Francisco told the Associated Press, “We are cautiously optimistic that we are at the dawn of a new era for TB drugs." In The Guardian, Sarah Boseley quotes TB Alliance CEO Dr. Mel Spigelman, who calls the implications of the findings “huge.” "People with drug-susceptible and [some forms of] drug-resistant TB could be cured in as little as four months or even shorter,” Spigelman tells Boseley. “In the case of multi-drug-resistant TB, we could be reducing their treatment by one to two years or more. The regimen also promises to be in the order of 90 percent cheaper than the current [multi-drug resistant] treatment regimen. There is potential for a dramatically shorter, simpler, cheaper, and more effective regimen all at the same time.’” Also quoted in The Guardian, principal investigator Dr. Andreas Diacon of Stellenbosch University in South Africa says he speaks as a clinician and researcher. "Treating drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB with the same regimen can simplify the delivery of TB treatment worldwide. The results of this study give healthcare providers on the front lines of the TB epidemic hopes for better, faster tools needed to stop this disease." Spigelman notes in Amy Maxmen’s article in Nature that the Lancet study also validates a new model for speeding development of such treatments. “After a new drug reaches the market, the traditional route is to work from the standard of care and substitute one drug for another. But if you do it in an incremental way, that will give you incrementally better results,” Spigelman says. “Our goal is to shorten the path to getting a new, cohesive regimen out there in one fell swoop.” Mario Raviglione, director of the Stop TB Department at the World Health Organization, says testing multiple new TB drug candidates simultaneously has already proven to be a major advance. "Because of testing drugs in combination, we have already saved several years in the research process to find new, effective regimens to treat TB," according to Raviglione. "The results look strongly promising from this early trial. If further testing holds up these results and the regimen is affordable in poor countries, it is huge progress. We could shorten drug regimens substantially for everyone, regardless of whether the form of TB is sensitive or multi-drug resistant. That would be a dramatic step forward." “If full clinical trials confirm its promise, the therapy could prove a boon for HIV-infected people,” writes Maxmen in Nature. “TB, which is common in its latent form in many parts of the developing world, often becomes active in those who are HIV-positive because of their weakened immune systems.” Unlike some existing therapies, Maxmen continues, the “new combination does not seem to interact adversely with drugs for HIV.” To illustrate the situation on the ground, where both diseases wreak havoc, Maxmen quotes John Farley, deputy director of the antimicrobial product division at the US Food and Drug Administration who once worked with HIV patients in West Africa: “…there were times when our HIV patients would die of drug-resistant TB before we could even get them their antiretroviral therapy,” says Farley in Maxmen’s story.  

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. A new bill introduced in the House of Representatives aims to tighten reporting requirements for ClinicalTrials.gov, the public online registry run by the National Institutes of Health. The HIV and AIDS drug Truvada safely and effectively reduces the risk of HIV for certain at-risk populations, according to the first US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines on using the drugs for prevention. Nature Medicine recently examined how several pharmaceutical companies are testing new drug candidates to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis. The Government Accountability Office has released a new report that details regulatory policies and requirements put into place under various US global health programs. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced that Dr. Orin Levine has been named director of Vaccine Delivery. Levine, a member of the GHTC, is currently a professor of International Health and executive director of the International Vaccine Access Center at the Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg School of Public Health.

As the XIX International AIDS Conference continues in Washington this week, research for new tools to prevent and treat HIV and AIDS is standing out as a major theme. Below, we provide a summary of various sessions that have touched on research and product development topics. The US Congress and the Global AIDS Epidemic: Amid a group of protestors on Wednesday, former Sen. Bill Frist (R-TN) moderated a session with Sen. Chris Coons (D-DE), Sen. Mike Enzi (R-WY), Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA), and Senator Marco Rubio (R-FL). When discussing her newly released bill—the Ending the HIV and AIDS Epidemic Act of 2012—Lee said that even in these “difficult” financial times, “we must move forward toward an AIDS-free generation.” Several other panelists stressed that a large part of achieving an AIDS-free generation will involve research for new products to prevent, test, and treat the disease. Speaking about recent scientific advances to create an HIV and AIDS cure, Rubio said that increased investment in innovation is critical to advancing these efforts. Coons echoed these comments, saying, “We need to double-down, we need to invest in basic science, invest in translational science, a vaccine, and new drugs. We need to innovate.” Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA) at the International AIDS Conference. Photo credit: PATH. Effective Solutions to Combat HIV: Increasing Evidence of the Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases on HIV Transmission and Disease Progression: In a session that examined the link between HIV and AIDS and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), Giuseppe Pantaleo, chief of the Division of Immunology and Allergy at the University of Lausanne, said that 25 percent of people living with HIV worldwide are also co-infected with an NTD. He added that because of the high co-infection rate, there is a great need to focus on research, such as the clinical links between HIV and NTDs. Maria Aparecida Shikanai Yasuda from the University of Sao Paulo reiterated this point, saying that research is needed to develop new NTD drugs that are less toxic and more efficient. Astrid-Christina Koch, with the Delegation of the European Union to the United States, said that the second phase of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership will fund more stages of research. Currently the partnership covers research Phases II and III but will expand to cover Phases I through IV. This expansion could go a long way in addressing product development for NTDs and other global health diseases. Microbicides, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and vaccines continue to take center stage at AIDS 2012. At a session to discuss The Role of Vaccines in Ending the Pandemic, panelists stressed that vaccines have proven to be one of the best, cost-effective global health solutions, and that research needs to continue to develop a vaccine for HIV and AIDS. Margaret McCluskey from the US Agency for International Development quoted Sen. John Kerry (D-MA), who has called an HIV and AIDS vaccine the “holy grail.” During a session on Wednesday on Microbicides and PrEP: Back to Basics, Ian McGowan from the University of Pittsburgh emphasized that a range of microbicide and PrEP formulations—from intra-muscular injections to vaginal and rectal products, rings, and oral pills—are needed to provide men and women worldwide with a range of HIV prevention choices that best fit their specific needs. Kim Lufkin is the GHTC’s communications officer.