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President Obama officially began his second term in office this week, and will have a host of new faces to work with in Congress and his own administration. Below, we provide a roundup of some of the most critical leadership changes that could affect funding and policies for global health and international development programs. Secretary of State: The Senate Foreign Relations Committee will hold a hearing on the nomination of Sen. John Kerry (D-MA) to be the next secretary of state today. Sen. Bob Menendez (D-NJ) will oversee the hearing, as Kerry is the current chair of the Foreign Relations Committee. The Rethinking Foreign Assistance blog offers four questions to look for during Kerry’s confirmation hearing, including how he would work to ensure that the US Agency for International Development (USAID) is the premier development agency in the world, and what the new Office of Global Health Diplomacy would focus on during his tenure. President Obama officially began his second term in office this week, and will have a host of new faces to work with in Congress and his own administration. House Foreign Affairs Committee: Rep. Ed Royce (R-CA) is the new chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and Rep. Eliot Engel (D-NY) is the new ranking member. The committee oversees legislation that impacts international development and global health efforts, including bills that affect funding and policy priorities at USAID. According to Science Speaks, Engel is a “global health champion” who succeeds former ranking member Howard Berman (D-CA), who lost his re-election bid in November. Royce “brings a mixed record on global health support to the post, having voted yes to the original Leadership Act that authorized the $15 billion President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in 2003, but then voting against reauthorization of PEPFAR in 2008, as the global AIDS response prepared for a transition from emergency to sustainable humanitarian response.” Following a closed-door meeting last week, Engel said, "The Democratic members of the Foreign Affairs Committee represent a wide range of views and experiences, and we will work together to help ensure that US foreign policy best serves our national interests." Other Democrats new to the committee include Rep. Karen Bass (D-CA) for the subcommittee on Africa, global health, global human rights, and international organizations; Rep. William Keating (D-MA) for the subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, and emerging threats; Rep. Eni F.H. Faleomavaega (D-Samoa) for the subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific; and Rep. Albio Sires (D-NJ) for the subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere. Senate Appropriations and Budget Committees: Several new leaders have joined the Senate Appropriations Committee and the Senate Budget Committee, which are tasked with overseeing a “likely dwindling pool of federal dollars” across the US government. According to Science Speaks, both committees are now chaired by senators who hail “from two states that serve as headquarters to global health agenda setters.” Sen. Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) is the first woman to head the Senate Appropriations Committee. She represents Maryland, the home to the National Institutes of Health, and has been “lauded for her strong support for medical research and public health.” Sen. Richard Shelby (R- AL) is the new lead Republican on the committee. Shelby was one of eight senators to vote against the “fiscal cliff” deal, but has steadily supported PEPFAR. Sen. Patty Murray (D-WA)—whose state is home to global health groups such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, the Infectious Disease Research Institute, PATH, Seattle BioMed, and the Washington Global Health Alliance—now heads the Senate Budget Committee. She has been recognized for her support of issues that include health and women’s equity. As co-chair of the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, Murray called on organizations to submit letters in support of the International Affairs budget.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. Results of a first-of-its-kind clinical trial of a new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidate show the candidate vaccine was safe and well tolerated. However, the candidate vaccine did not prevent TB disease when administered as a boost to the currently used BCG vaccine. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has awarded the Task Force for Global Health a five-year, $28.8 million grant to establish a research support center for neglected tropical diseases. A new article examines the challenges and opportunities ahead for scientists developing vaccines against infectious diseases such as HIV, malaria, and TB. Scientists have demonstrated the ability to deliver a dried vaccine to the skin without a traditional needle. Researchers say that this technique would offer several benefits, including removing the need for refrigeration, providing a cheaper alternative to hypodermic needles, and reducing safety risks from needle contamination. A new study co-edited by the World Trade Organization, World Health Organization, and World Intellectual Property Organization outlines policies needed to advance new medical and health technologies, and to ensure that they reach the people who need them.

Going into December 2012, Congress had neither completed its work on the federal budget for fiscal year (FY) 2013 nor decided how to avoid sequestration—widespread and indiscriminate cuts to all federal programs. On January 1, just before sequestration was scheduled to take place, a deal was finally reached between the White House and Congress. However, instead of approving a long-term balanced solution, policymakers have transferred and delayed sequestration only temporarily. Below, we provide a summary of what the compromise means for the federal budget, and what might happen to global health and international development programs. Sequestration Just after the New Year, President Obama signed into law and Congress enacted the American Taxpayer Relief Act (ATRA). The legislation delays sequestration for over two months. It also reduces the level of the total cuts that would occur under sequestration from $109 billion to $85 billion. The new ‘fiscal cliff’ date is March 27, which is when the new FY2013 sequester is now scheduled to occur. Not coincidentally, that is the same day that the FY2012 continuing resolution, now funding the government, expires. And it will also be about a month after the United States will reach its debt ceiling. Negotiations on raising the debt ceiling will no doubt be tied to the debate over a long-term budget plan to avoid further sequestration cuts. For now, we don’t know exactly what the impact of the new sequestration would be on global health research and development programs. Assuming that all programs are cut proportionately, most global health and research programs would likely be cut by 5.9 percent in fiscal year 2013. The fiscal cliff deal instructs the Administration to release a report on sequestration on March 1, before the cuts occur. For now, we don’t know exactly what the impact of the new sequestration—which is looking more and more likely—would be on global health research and development (R&D) programs for FY2013. Assuming that all programs are cut proportionately, most global health and R&D programs would likely be cut by 5.9 percent in FY2013 (instead of the previous value of 8.2 percent). As an example, global health programs at the State Department and US Agency for International Development (USAID) would see an estimated cut of $482 million, and the overall National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget could be cut by an estimated $1.8 billion. During the discussions in March, it’s possible that Congress will make any number of decisions regarding the budget and sequestration—including constructing a long-term budget deal that nullifies sequestration, or delays it yet again. Given the lack of transparency around the budget negotiations, any attempt to quantify the impact on agencies and programs is just speculation at this point. FY2013 & FY2014 The difference between the old sequestration level and the new one is paid for through changes in retirement savings and tax laws, as well as a reduction in the federal budget caps for FY2013 and FY2014. FY2013’s budget cap is now $4 billion lower than it was two weeks ago. Therefore, if Congress creates a new spending package for the rest of FY2013 in March, a total of $4 billion will need to be cut from the total federal budget. This would translate to roughly a 0.4 percent cut across global health programs—if the cuts are distributed proportionately. However, Congress also has the option to extend the continuing resolution FY2013 through the rest of the fiscal year, which would result in cuts higher than 0.4 percent. During December 2012, congressional appropriations staff did agree on most of the FY2013 appropriations legislation. It appears that funding for global health programs at USAID fared well, and could be as high as $8.4 billion. This compares with USAID’s funding level of $8.167 billion for FY2012. However, until Congress debates these issues in March, we won’t know for sure if that agreed level will stick. For other global health and R&D programs at NIH, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it’s less clear whether there has been agreement in Congress. The legislation that funds NIH, FDA and CDC, for example, is always one of the most contentious budget debates in Congress. Adding one more wrench to the usual appropriations process going forward, the Obama Administration needs more time to prepare its budget request for FY2014. While normally we would expect this in early February, it is more likely that this will be at least a month late, which could result in a contracted appropriations season. The sweeping, indiscriminate cuts that sequestration—both old and new—would entail will ultimately damage progress in global health R&D. As the March debates over the federal budget begin, Congress should find a way to get the appropriations process back on track and commit to a balanced, thoughtful, long-term plan that protects smart, effective, life-saving investments in global health R&D and other humanitarian programs.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. The US Agency for International Development has released a report to Congress on its activities in global health research and development (R&D). The report also outlines the agency’s strategy for global health R&D from 2011 to 2015. While the Obama Administration is expected to continue including science and technology (S&T) in its diplomacy agenda, US diplomatic efforts in S&T may be more reliant on collaboration with the private sector due to expected government spending cuts. The Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth has released a new video, called “Born in Silence,” that sheds light on stillbirth worldwide. Approximately three million babies are stillborn each year worldwide. amfAR—the Foundation for AIDS Research—released updated estimates for the potential human impact of federal budget cuts to US global health programs. A candidate dengue vaccine developed by scientists at the National Institutes of Health has been found to be safe and effective in most vaccine recipients, according to results from an early-stage clinical trial. The World Health Organization Executive Board this week approved a draft resolution on neglected disease R&D financing and coordination. The resolution will be considered at the next World Health Assembly in May.