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In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week.Sanofi, a major vaccine developer, ceased their Zika vaccine program, highlighting how difficult it is to develop an effective vaccine for Zika. The US Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority reduced funding to Sanofi for the vaccine program last month, and Sanofi announced in early September it will no longer seek funding to continue its vaccine research. Smaller companies are in clinical stages of testing different Zika vaccine candidates, but Sanofi was the first major US pharmaceutical company to begin research on a potential vaccine for the virus. A female Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito (CDC/ James Gathany)The Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, a research observatory based out of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, is developing a data-sharing platform to compile and share Ebola data to aid in the response to future outbreaks. Researchers are seeking to engage local African leaders in the platform's creation to provide cultural context and ensure the resulting system improves the capacity of African researchers to conduct research in outbreak scenarios. Organizers agree that developing the platform now—during a period of no active outbreaks—is critically important, as having the platform available for aid workers and medical professionals before the next Ebola outbreak may aid in saving lives. A new, low-cost tool has been introduced in disadvantaged areas to treat newborn asphyxia. Newborn asphyxia is highly prevalent in low-resource settings, with about 20 percent of all newborn deaths in India caused by the condition. Therapeutic hypothermia—which reduces an infants body temperature—is a common treatment, but hypothermia-inducing machines are typically too costly for low-resource settings. Dr. Niranjan Thomas of Vellore, India created the MiraCradle, a fast-acting, low-cost device made of several phase changing materials—substances that absorb and release thermal energy—that is used as a regulation agent to keep a newborn hypothermic. The MiraCradle is currently being used in about 125 hospitals throughout India and South Africa.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. The only existing tuberculosis (TB) vaccine—the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine—has proven to be more effective than previously thought, delivering protection against the disease for around 20 years. The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine led a study that found half of those individuals who were given the vaccine at ages 12 or 13 were protected against TB for at least 20 years. The vaccine was thought to deliver protection for only 10 to 15 years. These findings strenthen the case for administering BCG to children in low- and middle-income countries with high TB rates. The Tanzanian government has announced that in 2018 the country will begin using Zipline drones to deliver essential medical technologies to citizens in the capital city of Dodoma. The drone service can deliver everyday goods like food, but can also deliver live-saving medicines and vaccines, and contraceptives like condoms. Technology in low-resource and rural parts of the world has been used in the past to help diagnose and track diseases, but these technologies have proven challenging to deliver due to rugged terrain or geographic isolation. The Zipline drones are the first of their kind and can deliver products within a 50-mile radius. The Tanzanian Ministry of Health is working to add three more drone locations within the nation. The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill is studying the efficacy of a rapid diagnostic tool for malaria in very rural areas of Uganda. Researchers testing the low-cost tool in these areas and found that it could perform diagnoses with high specificity and sensitivity for both uncomplicated and severe malaria. This level of accuracy in diagnosis may allow health professionals to prioritize treatment for cases that may be more life threatening than others. Accurately diagnosing children who contract a severe form of malaria makes it possible to prioritize cases and potentially save lives.

Over the past seven decades, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has played a vital role in global health, responding to the world’s most deadly disease outbreaks and advancing critical research that promotes health and security of communities around the world while protecting the lives of Americans.This makes it all the more distressing to see the US Administration and Congress call for significant cuts to CDC in Fiscal Year 2018 (FY18).The President’s FY18 budget proposal called for US$1.2 billion in reductions for CDC, including over a $100 million cut to CDC’s global health work. While the House of Representatives did not propose the same cuts—and largely supported CDC’s global health activities—the House is still considering a $200 million cut to CDC’s topline funding, straining key operations that protect Americans from deadly threats.Here’s why CDC’s operations are vital, and why cuts would severely curtail critical activities that protect everyone, including Americans:1. CDC is the world’s leading disease surveillance program. CDC responders, including former director Dr. Tom Frieden, exit an Ebola treatment unit in Monrovia, Liberia, during the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak. Photo: Sally Ezra/CDCCDC’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in Atlanta is at the forefront of tracking disease outbreaks and public health events both within the United States and abroad. Since its inception in September 2001, the EOC has responded to more than 60 public health threats around the world including Ebola, Zika, and anthrax. The surveillance and tracking data generated inform states, other countries, and international bodies like the World Health Organization as they make critical decisions on response and intervention. 2. CDC trains and deploys “disease detectives” to stop outbreaks faster. CDC plays an unparalleled role in training and deploying epidemiologists and other “disease detectives”—US citizens and those in partner countries—to monitor and respond to infectious disease threats. CDC’s Global Rapid Response Team of 350 US public health experts is ready to deploy anywhere in the world on short notice. Their Field Epidemiology Training Program has trained more than 3,100 people in over 72 countries, ensuring that experts are present and prepared to keep deadly outbreaks from turning into pandemics on US shores.3. Scientists at the CDC lead long-term research in deadly and unexplained diseases to ensure we understand long-term effects and develop the best treatment methods. A CDC researcher works with an HIV sample to extract DNA. Photos: CDC/James Gathany.Though the Ebola outbreak in West Africa has subsided, scientists from CDC’s National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) continue to conduct follow-up studies with survivors to learn what long-term symptoms they face, how long the virus can persist, and how some people are better able to survive Ebola. This work is important so that we are better prepared when and if there is another Ebola outbreak. 4. Their overseas labs lead the world in disease discovery and learning. Since 2005, CDC’s 10 Global Disease Detection Centers have discovered 12 pathogens and organisms. These discoveries help us understand new diseases and disease mutations, and protect all of us from emerging diseases. 5. CDC pioneers cutting-edge research and development of innovative diagnostics for infectious diseases. For instance, CDC HIV and AIDS labs created a novel diagnostic that can identify if a person is HIV positive and, for the first time, if the infection is recent or longstanding. This innovation promises to be a game changer in efforts to end the AIDS epidemic through better, more rapid contract tracing to contain the virus’s spread. NCEZID also developed the Triloplex test early in the Zika outbreak that detects and differentiates between three similar mosquito-borne viruses: Zika, dengue, and chikungunya.6. They’re a critical partner in flagship US global health programs. In June, a group of global health advocates led by the Global Health Council, Global Health Technologies Coalition, and PATH visited the CDC headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, to learn more about the agency’s work in global health. Photo: PATH.CDC’s contributions to the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in 2015 provided antiretroviral treatment for 5.8 million people, prevented mother-to-child transmission of HIV in over 420,000 women, and supported voluntary male circumcision to prevent the spread of the virus in more than 1.3 million men. CDC’s PEPFAR work has also supported lab quality improvements in more than 1,000 labs worldwide, expanded access to HIV screening, and helped countries build better HIV surveillance systems. 7. CDC’s global work has health and economic benefits to Americans at home. CDC’s global health security work helps 49 countries detect, prevent, and respond to emerging outbreaks of diseases—which not only protects citizens of these countries but also prevents diseases from entering the US. This important work also helps strengthen economies overseas and develop trading partners for the US. According to 2015 US Department of Commerce data, all 49 global health security partner countries spent over $308.5 billion annually on American exports, supporting 1.6 million American jobs.As the US Senate considers FY18 funding for CDC, we hope they will recognize that CDC’s work to protect global and American health is unique, matters, and warrants robust funding. Ongoing investment is critical to maintain CDC infrastructure at home and overseas, which gives us the capacity we need to respond to diseases we know—and those we haven’t heard of yet. Without appropriate funding, we risk losing ground in our global fight against infectious diseases—and we risk lives.