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Malaria has infected humans for a very long time and in more places than many realize. There’s evidence that 3,000 years ago, malaria killed King Tut. It stalked the marshlands and fens of Great Britain and was common in the American South until the middle of the 20th Century. Yet for this disease that has taken many turns over many millennia, the first 15 years of the 21st century are exceptional. During that time, deaths from malaria—which are primarily concentrated in young, African children—fell dramatically, from 839,000 in 2000 to 438,000 in 2015. But progress is not inevitable. Over the last two years, malaria deaths and infections have plateaued. In some areas they are rising, and not just in Africa. For example, amidst the deteriorating infrastructure of Venezuela, malaria infections have surged by 69 percent. Some of the problem involves a failure to invest the resources required to sustain the fight. But there are also other long-term challenges, including growing resistance among malaria-carrying mosquitoes to the insecticides used in bednets and indoor spraying campaigns—control measures that have been very effective at reducing infections. Malaria parasites are spreading in Southeast Asia that are resistant to the lifesaving malaria medicine artemisinin—and to other malaria drugs as well. There are reports along the Cambodian border of “triple mutant” malaria parasites that are resistant to artemisinin and two other once-reliable malaria drugs. The biggest fear is that these superbugs could spread into India and then into the malaria strongholds of Africa. Our goal at PATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) is to help develop vaccines to aid in fighting malaria. If you look at the battle against infectious diseases that once spread death and misery, like smallpox, polio, measles, and whooping cough, vaccines helped turn the tide. Vaccines could do the same for malaria. However, malaria-causing parasites, like all parasites that cause disease, are biologically complex in ways that have made them notoriously hard to subdue with vaccines. But despite the challenge, and because of substantial investments made over the last couple of decades, we are closer than ever to a world where malaria vaccines can join the battle. The malaria vaccine closest to deployment is called RTS,S/AS01, and was developed by GSK. No vaccines are currently in use against human parasitic diseases, including against Plasmodium, the mosquito-transmitted parasite responsible for causing malaria. RTS,S will be the first, rolled out next year through a pilot introduction that will make it available to 750,000 young children living in areas of Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi, where malaria is common. This is the first step to possible wider use across Africa, where, alongside currently used interventions like bednets, indoor residual spraying, and drugs, it could help save thousands of lives. Yet, even as RTS,S is rolled out, which is a huge achievement, we continue to develop the next generation of malaria vaccines. MVI is working with partners on creative ways to optimize the use of RTS,S that could translate to increased public health impact against disease and death in young African children, and potentially support its use in community-wide campaigns to accelerate parasite elimination. A few years ago, we looked closer at what was originally seen as a fluke finding from more than a decade ago: that delaying and reducing the third dose of RTS,S might boost its protection against malaria. The small trial in 2014 provided intriguing evidence that this approach does indeed improve the quality of the immune response from RTS,S. A series of larger trials are now underway to explore whether different dosing approaches could positively impact efficacy. These studies are being further leveraged, in concert with advances in medicine that enable isolation and testing of individual antibodies with a strong affinity for targeting a disease. These monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are driving exciting new therapies targeting certain cancers and autoimmune conditions. We are at the cutting-edge of efforts to perform proof-of-concept studies with mAbs to answer critical scientific questions and determine their applicability, as a potential supplemental tool, to preventing infection by malaria-causing parasites. We’re also excited about the potential to fight malaria with transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs). A TBV could prevent mosquitoes that feed on malaria-infected humans from passing along their parasites to new victims. While not providing immediate protection from infection, high coverage with a TBV in a community where malaria is common would steadily reduce the risk of getting malaria from a mosquito bite—as the parasite’s survival is pegged to a continuous cycle, moving between humans and mosquito. A successful TBV could prevent malaria from returning to areas where it has been eliminated. Malaria has been plaguing humans for thousands of years and the parasites that cause the disease are constantly evolving to evade our attempts at control. But while the current fight may have plateaued, the lesson of the last decades is that a unified, well-funded assault on malaria—one committed to developing a variety of tools and making them widely available—can produce substantial progress. If we continue to invest in malaria vaccine development, and fund other promising work now underway to create a new generation of drugs, insecticides, diagnostics, and other tools, while strengthening the programs and systems that deliver them, we can turn the tide. And from there, we can confidently set our sights on eliminating and eradicating the disease forever.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign-up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. According to a report released last week by the Access to Medicines Foundation, just five companies are carrying out 63 percent of the urgently needed research and development projects for priority health areas such as HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. This reliance on a small group of companies contributes to a fragile ecosystem, according to the report authors. A change in strategy for any of the companies could put access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) at risk. The Access to Medicines index, an independent report released every two years, ranks the world’s 20 largest pharmaceutical companies based on their efforts to make their medicines available in LMICs. This year, GlaxoSmithKline—the developer of a single-dose drug to prevent malaria relapse—tops the list of companies in the overall ranking.  Recruitment of women in Uganda has begun for a phase 3 clinical trial, which will assess if a long-acting injectable antiretroviral called Cabotegravir, administered every two months, is safe and effective as a form of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce an individual’s risk of contracting HIV when exposed to the virus. This recruitment is part of a large-scale, five-year trial that will be conducted in six additional countries—including Kenya, Malawi, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Swaziland—among approximately 3,200 HIV-negative individuals who are at a high risk of contracting the virus. If Cabotegravir proves to be safe and efficacious, it would offer a new alternative for individuals on PrEP other than taking daily oral pills. A vaccine to prevent Zika virus infection was found to be safe and induce an immune response in an early stage trial, according to an announcement released on November 19 from developer Emergent BioSolutions Inc. and partner Valneva SE. The vaccine, VLA1601, was tested in two doses in 67 adult trial participants. The initial results contained analyses up to day 56, after the first vaccination. Final analysis will take place up to day 208 and is expected to be released in the first quarter of 2019. Emergent BioSolutions Inc. announced an exclusive worldwide licensing deal for Valneva SE’s Zika vaccine in July of last year.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign-up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. The first all-oral drug for sleeping sickness received a positive scientific opinion Friday from the European Medicines Agency, paving the way for the treatment to be rolled out in endemic countries in 2019. Developed by the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) and Sanofi, fexinidazole is a tablet taken once daily for ten days that treats the most common form of sleeping sickness, a neglected tropical disease spread by tsetse flies that causes neuropsychiatric symptoms and can be deadly if left untreated. Current treatments for sleeping sickness require a complicated series of infusions and pills, are costly, and involve long hospital stays, which pose a huge burden on health systems to treat the disease. Fexinidazole is a simple once-a-day pill that could reduce this logistical burden. About 65 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of sleeping sickness. A novel device colloquially known as a “wiggle- ometer” may one day help physicians and health workers fight the growth of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The device, which is a sub-cellular fluctuation imaging machine, detects minute movements in bacteria to determine whether they’ve been affected by an antibiotic, signaling to doctors whether a specific antibiotic works against a specific infection. Today, many physicians prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic to patients because of the lack of access to rapid diagnostic tests to determine the nature of an infection and what antibiotics will be effective against it. This overuse and misuse of antibiotics drives the growth of AMR. The “wiggle-ometer” is one of more than 70 projects from around the world competing for the £8 million Longitude Prize, launched by the United Kingdom government to fight AMR. The prize will be awarded to a team that develops an affordable, accurate, easy-to-use test for bacterial infections. Merck has begun the process of submitting the evidence required for regulatory approval of its experimental Ebola vaccine with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA gave the vaccine a “breakthrough therapy designation” in 2016—a form of regulatory fast track which allows a manufacturer to meet more frequently with the FDA to discuss filing and to submit material on a rolling basis, all with the aim of speeding the item through licensure. Merck’s experimental Ebola vaccine is currently being used in the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo under compassionate use protocol, after having shown to be protective in a clinical trial in Guinea at the end of the West African Ebola outbreak of 2014-2016. Though there are a few experimental Ebola vaccines in development, Merck’s is furthest along in development. Merck initially planned to file with the FDA in 2017 but missed that goal due to “unexpected engineering and construction delays” at the manufacturing plant built to produce the vaccine. Merck now says it hopes to complete the filing process sometime next year.