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The full and equal participation of women in science is vital to achieving gender equity and advancing progress in global health. Unfortunately, today less than 30 percent of the world’s researchers are women, and female researchers tend to have shorter, less well-paid careers and to see their work underrepresented in top journals.This gender gap has far-reaching implications. Health and gender are inextricably linked. For example, women and girls are at increased risk of a number of poverty-related and neglected diseases (PRNDs), due both to biology and to nonbiological factors like discrimination and gender power dynamics. Women can also feel disproportionate impacts of illness due to wider consequences like stigma, reproductive, financial, and social effects. To meet the health needs of women and girls and better facilitate the integration of sex and gender considerations at all levels of medical research, it’s imperative that women be better represented in leadership and decision-making ranks within research teams.In recognition of International Day of Women and Girls in Science, which aims to inspire and engage more women and girls in science, GHTC is profiling five fierce female innovators who have transformed global health research.1. Dr. Ruth Bishop, discoverer of rotavirusPhoto: Stepping Stone PicturesAs a young bacteriologist working in the 1970s, Dr. Ruth Bishop was on a quest to find the root cause of diarrheal disease—the most common cause of illness and the second leading cause of death among children worldwide. After much research, Ruth concluded that the disease was likely not caused by a bacterial agent, but instead by a virus. To continue her search, Ruth teamed up with colleagues at the University of Melbourne. In 1973, using an electron microscope, the team uncovered a previously unidentified virus in the biopsy sample from an intestinal lining. Ruth and her team went on to confirm presence of the virus in other samples. Their published results elicited a global response and confirmation of the virus’s presence in samples around the globe. The virus identified by Ruth and her team would come to be named rotavirus for its wheel-like shape. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide and the cause of about one-third of all diarrheal-related child deaths. Ruth and her team subsequently developed a diagnostic test for the rotavirus, and their continued research helped pave the way for the development of a rotavirus vaccine, which was first introduced more than three decades after her initial discovery. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, estimates that by 2030, 2.4 million lives could be saved through rotavirus immunization. Ruth is now retired, but her legacy lives on in the millions of children’s lives that have been saved by her discovery.2. Dr. Quarraisha Abdool Karim, pioneered use of antiretrovirals to prevent HIV and research on broadly neutralizing antibodiesPhoto: UNAIDSAs a native of South Africa and infectious disease epidemiologist, Dr. Quarraisha Abdool Karim saw the devastating impact HIV/AIDS was having on her home nation, where one out of every five people in the world with HIV lives. While there were many research efforts focused on fighting the growing epidemic, Quarraisha felt too little attention was paid to the disproportionate burden young women bore in the epidemic and solutions to address that. So Quarraisha and her husband, Dr. Salim Abdool Karim, in 2001 brought together a group of top HIV researchers to form the Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), which is today regarded as one of the most influential AIDS research programs in the world.In 2010, CAPRISA completed a landmark study proving for the first time that a microbicide gel, using the drug tenofovir—normally used as an antiretroviral to treat HIV/AIDS—could offer some protection from the virus when used before and after sex. While today the field has moved on to other prevention methods like daily pills and long-acting injectables, this research provided the first proof-of-concept that antiretrovirals could be used to prevent, as well as treat, HIV in women and built the foundation for the approach known today as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is widely used globally to prevent HIV infection. CAPRISA research has also led to the development of “broadly neutralizing antibodies,” after it was discovered in 2012 that an HIV-positive woman in one of the center’s studies produced unique antibodies that not only attacked the strain of HIV she had, but also 80 percent of other known HIV strains circulating globally. The isolation and recreation of these antibodies in a lab has led to a growing field of study that could one day lead to longer-acting HIV treatments and pave the way to the ultimate goal of an HIV vaccine. Reflecting on her career, Quarraisha said, “I’ve spent three decades working on preventing HIV infection in young women. Progress has been made, but it’s far from complete. We need interventions that can meet the diverse needs of vulnerable women.”3. Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett, co-developer of Moderna-NIH COVID-19 vaccinePhoto: University of Maryland Baltimore County/Marlayna DemondAs a high school student growing up in North Carolina, Dr. Kizzmekia Corbett knew she wanted to be a scientist, but it was a chemistry internship program for gifted minority students that put her on the path to becoming one of the US government’s lead coronavirus vaccine researchers at a pivotal moment in history. This high school internship program in lab led Kizzmekia to an undergraduate scholarship to study biology and sociology, which in turn led her to a PhD in microbiology and immunology, which ultimately landed Kizzmekia a research fellowship and then job at the US National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) Vaccine Research Center.It was there, on the coronavirus research team, that Kizzmekia found herself in January 2020 when her team first got word of outbreak of an unknown respiratory disease in Wuhan, China, that would later be identified and known as COVID-19. Kizzmekia and her team quickly got to work on trying to develop a preventative vaccine. Applying earlier research she has conducted on making coronavirus spike proteins stabilized in a way that enables the immune system to mount a stronger response and partnering with the biotech company Moderna to use its messenger RNA (mRNA) platform, the research team was able to advance a vaccine candidate into phase 1 clinical trials just 66 days after the virus sequence was released. In a triumph of science, nine months later, on December 18, 2020, the vaccine was authorized for emergency use in adults by the US Food and Drug Administration. While much unfinished work remains to ensure coronavirus vaccines reach everyone worldwide, Kizzmekia has said of her scientific accomplishments, “To be living in this moment where I have the opportunity to work on something that has imminent global importance…it's just a surreal moment for me.” 4. Dr. Tu Youyou, discoverer of artemisinin, a key ingredient in modern malaria medicinesPhoto: Nobel Prize/A MahmoudDr. Tu Youyou was born into a family that valued education, but it was a two-year battle with tuberculosis at the age of sixteen that inspired her to study medicine, so she could find cures for diseases like the one that affected her. After pursuing a degree in pharmacology, with an emphasis on the study of medicinal plants, Tu went on to work at a newly established academy devoted to studying traditional Chinese medicines applying modern research methods. In 1967, Tu was put in charge of an ambitious Chinese government project to find a new cure for malaria, which had become resistant to chloroquine, the standard treatment at the time.In her quest to find a cure, Tu and her team turned their attention to ancient Chinese medical texts, where the team found reference dating back to around 400 A.D. to the use of sweet wormwood to treat fevers associated with malaria. In 1971, Tu and her team isolated one of the compounds from the plant that they believed to have malaria-fighting properties, but after testing it, saw inconsistent results. The team was about to abandon that line of research when Tu had a vital insight: the extraction process used, which involved boiling the plant in water, could be negatively impacting the compound’s medicinal properties. Tu decided to instead use an extraction method with ethyl ether, which boils at a lower temperature. The results were stunning: the compound showed a 100 percent success rate in animal testing and the first 21 patients it was tested on all recovered.The compound Tu and her team isolated—artemisinin—and its derivatives are the basis of combination therapies that are today the gold standard treatment for malaria. In 2015, Tu was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery, which she called “a gift from traditional Chinese medicine to the world.”5. Dr. Monique Wasunna, researcher of new treatments for neglected tropical diseasesPhoto: KfWDr. Monique Wasunna, a native of Uganda, grew up in an era when girls were expected to remain in the domestic sphere, but her father’s belief in the power of education and his commitment to advancing equal gender roles in the household helped her realize she could enjoy a different future. While a teen, Monique’s younger sister became severely ill and hospitalized due to measles, and this experience inspired Monique to pursue a career in medicine.For more than 30 years now, Monique has been working to advance treatments for the world’s most neglected patients, most notably as the former long-serving director of the Center for Clinical Research at the Kenya Medical Research Institute and currently as director of the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative’s (DNDi) Africa office. Over the course of her career, Monique has been a principal investigator on numerous clinical trials to find better treatment options for neglected diseases and has spearheaded new partnerships to expand clinical trial capacities in the East African region. Her work with DNDi has helped the organization advance several groundbreaking new treatments for neglected tropical diseases, including an improved, affordable therapy for leishmaniasis, which reduced treatment time from 30 days down to 17, and an all-oral cure for sleeping sickness.Monique believes that health is a human right, and that innovation is vital to delivering better health for all. As the world confronts global health challenges, “the most important thing is that we leave no one behind,” Monique said.For a broader look at the gender-related aspects of PRNDs and how policymakers can improve gender equity in global health research, check out this study from DSW.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email.Last week, IAVI and Moderna announced that the first doses have been administered in a clinical trial of experimental HIV vaccine antigens delivered through mRNA technology. The phase 1 clinical trial, IAVI G002, is testing the hypothesis that administration of priming and boosting HIV immunogens delivered via mRNA technology can induce specific classes of B-cell responses and guide their early maturation toward broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) development. Inducing bnAbs via B-cells is widely acknowledged as a goal of HIV vaccination. The immunogens being tested were developed by scientific teams at IAVI and Scripps Research and will be delivered with Moderna’s mRNA technology.Global funding for poverty-related and neglected diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, remained virtually unchanged in 2020 at US$3.937 billion, according to the 14th annual G-FINDER report released by Policy Cures Research. The report—a comprehensive analysis of global investment of research and development for poverty-related and neglected diseases—showed a small decrease of $172 million, or 4 percent, in funding from 2019 to 2020, yet 2020 was still the third highest funding level for neglected diseases ever captured by G-FINDER data. The report identified other trends and insights, including the continued stagnation of funding for neglected tropical diseases, an increase in philanthropic funding and investment in platform technologies, and disruptions in clinical trials due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The cancer drug pembrolizumab can flush HIV out of its hiding spot in immune cells, which could help eliminate the virus in its latent stage, according to a new study published Wednesday. Currently, antiretroviral therapy—the standard treatment for HIV—can remove any trace of the virus from the blood, but a hidden reservoir of HIV persists in patients who are in treatment, meaning patients are never truly cured and must be on HIV drugs for the rest of their lives. The new study examined 32 patients that had both cancer and HIV and found that pembrolizumab, which revives the immune system and encourages it to attack tumors, also helps the immune system locate the last traces of HIV and disrupts the virus’ ability to hide. While these findings present an early proof of concept, researchers plan to continue additional studies to assess the drug’s impact at different dosing levels in HIV-positive patients without cancer.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email.The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) has signed agreements with 27 generic manufacturing companies to produce and supply the oral COVID-19 antiviral molnupiravir for 105 low- and middle-income countries. The sublicense agreements follow a voluntary licensing agreement signed by MPP and Merck, Sharp & Dohme—which developed the drug—in October to facilitate global access of the COVID-19 treatment. The nonexclusive licenses allow generic manufacturers to produce the raw ingredients and finished drug itself: five companies will focus on producing the raw ingredients, thirteen companies will produce both raw ingredients and the finished drug, and nine companies will produce only the finished drug. Molnupiravir has not yet been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO), a step often regarded as a precursor to the negotiation of manufacturing licenses by a United Nations-supported group like MPP.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to humanity, as it has become a leading cause of death worldwide killing about 3,500 people every day, according to a new study published in The Lancet last week. More than 1.2 million people—and potentially millions more—died in 2019 as a direct result of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The analysis, which covered more than 200 countries and territories, is the most comprehensive estimate to date of the global impact of AMR, which has caused common infections to become untreatable. The report highlights an urgent need to scale up action to combat AMR and outlines immediate actions policymakers can take to help save lives and protect health systems, including optimizing the use of existing antibiotics, taking greater action to monitor and control infections, and providing more funding to develop new antibiotics and treatments.The COVAX vaccine-sharing facility has delivered 1 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses, across 144 countries, as of last weekend. The program, which was initiated in 2020 with the goal of delivering 2 billion doses by the end of 2021, began delivering vaccines in February 2021 but hit several setbacks throughout the year, including vaccine hoarding by high-income countries and export restrictions which limited vaccine supply. Shipments increased exponentially in the last quarter of 2021, but vaccine inequity remains high, according to the latest WHO data showing 67 percent of the population in richer nations have been fully vaccinated, compared with only 5 percent in poorer nations. More than 40 percent of the world's population has yet to receive a first dose. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has launched a renewed call for COVAX funding to help reach WHO's goal of vaccinating 70 percent of the populations in poorer countries by July.