Breakthroughs Blog: NTDs

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Scientists have discovered that a naturally occurring strain of bacteria could help reduce the transmission of malaria by stopping the development of parasites in a mosquito’s gut. The bacteria, TC1, was found by chance when GSK scientists noticed that one of their mosquito colonies had stopped becoming infected with malaria parasites and later identified TC1 as the cause. Researchers have since observed that the bacteria works by secreting a small molecule, called harmane, which inhibits the parasite’s growth and that can be ingested by mosquitoes if mixed with sugar or absorbed by contact, opening the possibility for it to be used as an abatement tool. A recent study found that the bacteria can reduce a mosquito’s parasitic load by up to 73 percent, and trials in Burkina Faso are ongoing to assess the intervention’s effectiveness and safety in real-world settings.An international team of researchers has identified a genetic variant among some people of African ancestry that is associated with them having naturally lower viral loads of HIV—thereby slowing their illness progression and lowering the risk of them transmitting the virus. According to the researchers, this is the first new genetic variant related to HIV infection discovered within the last nearly 30 years. Between 4 to 13 percent of people of African origin are thought to carry this variant, which was discovered through an analysis of the DNA of almost 4,000 people of African ancestry infected with HIV-1. The scientists now intend to continue studies to more fully understand how exactly this variant impacts HIV replication.Health experts are warning that dengue poses a danger to pregnant women, as new research has found that the disease can cause serious health complications for both mothers and their unborn babies. A recent study from the University of Surrey found that mild infection can make a pregnant individual 77 percent more likely to give birth before 32 weeks and can more than double the risk of the child being born with extremely low birth weight, which can affect brain development. This work builds on prior research that found pregnant women are three to four times more likely to die after becoming infected and 450 times more likely if their infection progresses into dengue hemorrhagic fever. There are currently no specific treatments for dengue, and existing vaccines are not recommended for pregnant women.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Last week, the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) scientific advisers recommended that the next round of COVID-19 vaccines include only the newest variants that have become dominant worldwide, the XBB strains of Omicron, echoing recommendations from the World Health Organization’s vaccine advisers and European regulators. After the FDA makes the final decision, vaccine developers say updated shots could be available within months. The recommendation is based on the idea that the XBB variants are different enough from each other to push the immune system to make more diverse, cross-protective antibodies as opposed to keeping the original strain in the shot, which can cause people’s immune systems to respond more strongly to that strain because of previous, repeated exposure rather than the new strains included in the dose.Researchers at the University of California San Francisco and the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control in the United Kingdom have developed two novel oral polio vaccines, the first new vaccines for polio in 50 years. The vaccines are made from weakened poliovirus that has been genetically engineered to reduce the development of mutations to the active form of the virus, which have been a major challenge of oral polio vaccines, leading to outbreaks of vaccine-derived polio even in countries where the disease was previously believed to have been eliminated. To address those outbreaks as well as uneven vaccination rates worldwide that have led to the continued circulation of the virus, the new vaccines can hopefully be part of the World Health Organization’s most recent push to eradicate polio globally.A phase 3 trial recently published in The Lancet found that Valneva’s FLA1553 vaccine candidate for chikungunya disease was generally well-tolerated and produced an immune response in 99 percent of study participants in chikungunya-endemic regions. There are currently no approved vaccines or effective antiviral treatments for the disease caused by chikungunya infection. The vaccine developers hope that this candidate could become the first vaccine available for people living in as well as travelers to chikungunya-endemic regions or regions at risk of an outbreak. The vaccine could become even more important as climate change is expected to drive the global spread of mosquitoes—and therefore mosquito-borne viruses like chikungunya—to new areas.

The US Agency for International Development (USAID) released a new report on its global health research and development (R&D) programs for fiscal year 2022 that includes unprecedented insight into the product development programs the agency supported—and highlights the need for additional, dedicated resources for global health research.Why it matters: The report gives insight into an agency that is a key sponsor of global health product development.Due to a lack of commercial incentive for industry investment, most global health research is supported by public funders, most notably the US government.Several US agencies support global health research, but USAID is the only agency with a mandate to improve global health and development. The agency excels at pushing products through the end of the research pipeline and advancing tools to suit the needs of people in low-resource settings.What’s new: This report includes an unprecedented 13-page appendix detailing USAID’s individual product-level investments. By our count, USAID supported at least 59 products in 2021 covering multiple health areas and product types.By the numbers: In 2021, USAID spent US$165 million in baseline funding and $50 million in COVID-19 supplemental funding on health product development and research to assess the best way to implement new products and practices.Research spending from baseline funds increased slightly over the prior year (+$4 million) — but continued to decline as a proportion of total global health spending. In 2021, proportionate spending on research dropped slightly to 5.1 percent, continuing a years-long pattern. If the trend continues, GHTC estimates that proportionate spending on R&D will drop to 4.2 percent by 2026 unless Congress passes a policy like the Supporting Innovative Global Health Technologies (SIGHT) Fund to direct more dedicated funding to R&D.Our take: GHTC applauds the release of the report and the additional detail provided by USAID. We call policymakers’ attention to the continued need for additional, dedicated resources for global health research at USAID that this report exposes.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email.Last week, CEPI announced a partnership with Dutch biotechnology company, 20Med, to support the development of technology that could eliminate the need for frozen storage of mRNA vaccines. The initial investment of up to US$850,000 will go toward a proof-of-concept of the company’s bio-responsive polymeric nanoparticle platform technology. If effective, the technology could help make major strides in access to mRNA vaccines, which transformed the global response to COVID-19 and have the potential to address a number of other diseases but require cold storage, which creates access challenges to these products, especially in low resource settings.A recent study in The Lancet found that an experimental vaccine against Marburg virus was safe and produced an immune response in a small, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial. The candidate, cAd3-Marburg, was developed at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center and uses a vaccine platform called cAd3, which previously demonstrated a good safety profile in investigational vaccines developed for Ebola virus and Sudan virus by the center. Further trials of the vaccine candidate are planned in Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, and the United States, which could propel the candidate as a viable tool in the response to outbreaks of Marburg virus.2022 saw a handful of milestones in the fight against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with Togo becoming the first country to eliminate four of the diseases and Malawi eliminating trachoma, among other achievements. However, to address the major challenges that remain, funding for the research and development (R&D) of improved treatments and diagnostics will be crucial. New medicines to treat NTDS are urgently needed as current treatments medicines are often ineffective, intolerable, or entirely absent. While promising innovations for treatments against sleeping sickness and visceral leishmaniasis, among others, are in the pipeline, collaboration and partnerships will be necessary to catalyze further innovation and development.